Java selection: store images in jar or Base64 order?

• Java

I wrote a poker simulator / odds calculator On the GUI, there are some JCombo@R_271_2419 @The user can select the card

Now, I have images of these cards, and I also have images in Base64 format I try to show them in three different ways I wrote a small program for everyone for demonstration purposes

Here are three methods I have tried:

1). Store the image in a jar file:

Very straightforward The images go into the jar, and the Java code reads them from there After that, it creates a file that contains all of these JCombo@R_271_2419 @And display it:

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JCombo@R_271_2419@;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;

public class ImagesFromJAR
{
    private JFrame mainframe;

    public ImagesFromJAR ()
    {
        ImageIcon[] cardslist = new ImageIcon[52];

        for (int i = 0; i < 52; ++i)
        {
            cardslist[i] = new ImageIcon (getClass (). getResource ((this.getImagePath (i))));
        }

        JCombo@R_271_2419@ cards@R_271_2419@ = new JCombo@R_271_2419@ (cardslist);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setSelectedIndex (0);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setEditable (false);

        this.mainframe = new JFrame ();
        this.mainframe.setDefaultCloSEOperation (JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
        this.mainframe.setSize (150,150);
        this.mainframe.setLayout (null);

        cards@R_271_2419@.setBounds (20,20,55,45);
        this.mainframe.add (cards@R_271_2419@);

        this.mainframe.setVisible (true);
    }

    private String getImagePath (int index)
    {
        switch (index)
        {
            case 0: return "images/2c.gif";
            case 1: return "images/3c.gif";
            case 2: return "images/4c.gif";
            case 3: return "images/5c.gif";
            case 4: return "images/6c.gif";
            case 5: return "images/7c.gif";
            case 6: return "images/8c.gif";
            case 7: return "images/9c.gif";
            case 8: return "images/Tc.gif";
            case 9: return "images/Jc.gif";
            case 10: return "images/Qc.gif";
            case 11: return "images/Kc.gif";
            case 12: return "images/Ac.gif";
            case 13: return "images/2d.gif";
            case 14: return "images/3d.gif";
            case 15: return "images/4d.gif";
            ......................................
            default: return null;
        }
    }

    public static void main (String[] args)
    {
        javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokelater (new Runnable ()
        {
            public void run ()
            {
                ImagesFromJAR t = new ImagesFromJAR ();
            }
        });
    }
}

2). Store images in a text file in Base64 format:

I convert each image in Base64 format and store it in a text file The Java code reads the file and recreates the image by decoding the lines in the file After that, create and display JCombo@R_271_2419 @：

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JCombo@R_271_2419@;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CodeFromFile
{
    private JFrame mainframe;

    public CodeFromFile ()
    {
        ImageIcon[] cardslist = new ImageIcon[52];

        InputStreamReader in = null;
        BufferedReader buff;

        int index = -1;

        try
        {
            in = new InputStreamReader (new FileInputStream ("card.encodings.txt"));
            buff = new BufferedReader (in);

            String line;
            byte[] ba;

            while ((line = buff.readLine ()) != null)
            {
                if (line.length () < 10)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                index++;

                ba = Base64.decode (line);

                cardslist[index] = new ImageIcon (ba);
            }
        }
        catch (IOException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace ();
        }
        finally
        {
            if (in != null)
            {
                try
                {
                    in.close ();
                }
                catch (IOException e2) {}
            }
        }

        JCombo@R_271_2419@ cards@R_271_2419@ = new JCombo@R_271_2419@ (cardslist);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setSelectedIndex (0);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setEditable (false);

        this.mainframe = new JFrame ();
        this.mainframe.setDefaultCloSEOperation (JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
        this.mainframe.setSize (150,45);
        this.mainframe.add (cards@R_271_2419@);

        this.mainframe.setVisible (true);
    }

    public static void main (String[] args)
    {
        javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokelater (new Runnable ()
        {
            public void run ()
            {
                CodeFromFile t = new CodeFromFile ();
            }
        });
    }
}

card. encodings. Txt is as follows:

2c:
R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXKIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMQN9DEhgN5MBBA5OtzIHtgEGAJ9qpwLEvjsDAImtsTcIkMo3Ag4DmUAMztSbaajQMAmfCdig4aInDt3pfuyvQTXwMyt19ikiIQA7
3c:
R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXMIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMowMA5k7B2kEDg22OJ+DT62xNwtbYDsDC5C9OAYkD6Wgw7JFSMKnzp9qqg/aq8gAidc3BQB3j3/jNgINJA3e26+tNfIzK3X4KSIhADs=
4c:
R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAATC8D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKJwkMmKEiBTalLAINDaSJLAkHDK9QJwWAtKonAgw/urAnCnkBwLYhBm/FtZ2mHQwZCMcoxs0w1ZDOIdhan0Al3iMbZeQZEhEAOw==
5c:
R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAATA8D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKJgwVS52hIQQWWaaGj4krAwAOCD+vKFIUDpWQpyEHQz5QL12umywMpbyaCAjCLzfOizgBjrYnbQu7yp+dJdwjG2XiGRIRADs=

.. It continues for each image / card

3). The third method is to store the image directly in the source code as a Base64 string like this:

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JCombo@R_271_2419@;
import javax.swing.ImageIcon;

public class CodeFromSource
{
    private JFrame mainframe;

    public CodeFromSource ()
    {
        ImageIcon[] cardslist = new ImageIcon[52];

        byte[] ba;

        for (int i = 0; i < 52; ++i)
        {
            ba = Base64.decode (this.getImageCode (i));
            cardslist[i] = new ImageIcon (ba);
        }

        JCombo@R_271_2419@ cards@R_271_2419@ = new JCombo@R_271_2419@ (cardslist);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setSelectedIndex (0);
        cards@R_271_2419@.setEditable (false);

        this.mainframe = new JFrame ();
        this.mainframe.setDefaultCloSEOperation (JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
        this.mainframe.setSize (150,45);
        this.mainframe.add (cards@R_271_2419@);

        this.mainframe.setVisible (true);
    }

    private String getImageCode (int index)
    {
        switch (index)
        {
            case 0: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXKIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMQN9DEhgN5MBBA5OtzIHtgEGAJ9qpwLEvjsDAImtsTcIkMo3Ag4DmUAMztSbaajQMAmfCdig4aInDt3pfuyvQTXwMyt19ikiIQA7";
            case 1: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXMIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMowMA5k7B2kEDg22OJ+DT62xNwtbYDsDC5C9OAYkD6Wgw7JFSMKnzp9qqg/aq8gAidc3BQB3j3/jNgINJA3e26+tNfIzK3X4KSIhADs=";
            case 2: return "R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAATC8D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKJwkMmKEiBTalLAINDaSJLAkHDK9QJwWAtKonAgw/urAnCnkBwLYhBm/FtZ2mHQwZCMcoxs0w1ZDOIdhan0Al3iMbZeQZEhEAOw==";
            case 3: return "R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAATA8D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKJgwVS52hIQQWWaaGj4krAwAOCD+vKFIUDpWQpyEHQz5QL12umywMpbyaCAjCLzfOizgBjrYnbQu7yp+dJdwjG2XiGRIRADs=";
            case 4: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXZIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaNwNiAE+gsTJMDKW3PExpqLgvAw+fmTsLD6MMtr04DwxITA1gNgQAn2KJztbYLky8gDgD3i0GANtqOw0O3w/VNgUAdwQOwNw3Bl5ox6+tNf5mrKhDMIWIEAA7";
            case 5: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXGIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMUwniaCxMIckD2A2j08tCX+2OAO/LQ61w0AFDpmnCgnOQA5IvDsGDai3YZ+t2zEPA9o/hj+uLwtp46+tNewzK3XyKSIhADs=";
            case 6: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXYIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMowPn6CxMG1wBLRgNw4NLguQrbcvDE4tDAm9S0YDCMPEPIxbmTwGC161ajsGDskA24BdfwHHzDECAOUID+gxCw9wAg3l3DtiJOLjr601/TNW1BmYQkQIADs=";
            case 7: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXZIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaMghFk5k7CA4DAWJIrbF6aS0OkL44BQClbbqgvy4GyC6DvWrGAH+RANOrMg3QBAwPYDePJLhbxUAGD8vMQAQOn+07A23B4jICJArs969xNf5mrKhDMIWIEAA7";
            case 8: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAX4IAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaLgIJDp8BBA1GSKsvDkWfAw9VCA8DvC8FAJ8LDS4NW4A3BMouwi7Exy7TmMlpLUyJL67bLQYApealQbHa1AHpLvDi7C3kAd0u4NE29gHWLdj2yejHzBm0eTeSAbNGzJhAGGVINKuXi8Guh6/i1Mg4Y0WdjylEhAAAOw==";
            case 9: return "R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAAS38D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKIQM9iS9deaUsczipK6uYoSKvrSizUK4ArLe1ubAvtp2xIQcOL54BVQQIb7TDFEvGwp8xJdMjG2XZGRIRADs=";
            case 10: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXvIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemNgRlJAtIN6ktg38Cl7KaL0wJMGWlgDcOTjAEY6C6LQVGMl6Jq4IAWzENAMA5yZHSMtXXQdkGzDHOajdFAzADx+WLAH8uYmnsNmXTtwC9yDsHXiQN8vp4MPoUkAeBKQwAQttBIIEXbwFoZFMVZEWdiylEhAAAOw==";
            case 11: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP///+7u7t3d3czMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABAALAAAAAAeACYAAAXgIAQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss7/LR/u8AA0CDuh7WB6CHBKGeOEgAJ2RdPCunNQuTIFwLE4lR+H3jWWSKEMsWgr6y4p4msYvTQ93Wd5LwgnCQd9JQV4NoNjBwIMAYwNcIo8ZVVJgTIJhwuYNnIubW6UlUA8oaemqjeprDmaLmUlcA0lDaCxLgMAkC4Nk626LQIAWy0IvsI3xccKCajDAc2PadHMRmRArsUMU8pgMs0BUw0DmdjHgw5IyzbjLUwA7Wo3vOBl4IA2syRwoyQe1HvVqgbBGSvqKEwhIgQAOw==";
            case 12: return "R0lGODlhHgAmALMAAAAAAP///+7u7szMzLu7u6qqqpmZmYiIiHd3d2ZmZlVVVURERDMzMyIiIhEREf///yH5BAEAAA8ALAAAAAAeACYAAATR8D1Aq734yhm6/2AIApxonh6FrqLKvp2LGg7ADKtsGpYjoDrR4nIAAlY1i8K4ahCZogSgobhUHYbWMYTIYAqhYCfprSTCWxC5MrycR+nP4YIwtCsEtGk+NQgWAXwMYHosVUU5cSIIdwqIJmIeXV6EhTAskZeWmieZnCmKJgMAeYkvVW9QKAIODD6mKwcIc4+QoSENA6wMsCcFgAFVOJ23H4MdBQAIqiKjFw3MIQm1XZWbIKw/HqNLticL3cYAtR+ZSQ4fZLzXnyMl7e4SZfMZEhEAOw==";
            case 13: return "R0lGODlhHgAmAMQAAAAAAP////8AAP8REf8iIv8zM/9ERP9VVf9mZv93d/+IiP+Zmf+qqv+7u//MzP/d3f/u7v///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAABEALAAAAAAeACYAAAW/YBQBZGme6CmOQeu+cAwDrGzfLonvss4HiJ9vtxAkeMMbhCAQNHZJm6EpIEBw0ZiC2gzesq8Gl7r4ApTMcfPZO9sOairBBm4t40662yZWK8w7W1wGWHs3U01WhTx3eYs8DAJejzwJV1CGP5iamnWcM5kxD4gGDps4BQwBDgQDl3o4C6YtkX+AmhACtrCaD468PwqElDtLD6c8BmzENwllSKExCbsJx8A2CWNzt9hqk22f0OFQNeMxNCIp6uskIiEAOw==";
            .........
            default: return null;
        }
    }

    public static void main (String[] args)
    {
        javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokelater (new Runnable ()
        {
            public void run ()
            {
                CodeFromSource t = new CodeFromSource ();
            }
        });
    }
}

(I have to delete some switch cases because there is a 30 K character limit on stackoverflow)

Each of these methods produces the same results, namely:

PS: Base64 class is just some utility classes for encoding / decoding Base64 information (you can find it in the link below)

If you want all the resources (pictures, source code, etc.), you can get them here: resources

Now we've cleared... What I want is to know which of the three methods is better What are everyone's strengths and weaknesses? Which one should I use? Why? I'm also talking about the possibility of jar file corruption

The only thing I don't care about is performance

Solution

>Is preferred because no transformations are involved, and your code can read them from the classpath This makes your application self - contained Corruption is not a problem because it makes the entire application useless - not just the image file > will involve runtime penalties for conversion (startup time and memory), and Alsop will introduce the configuration file. > As bad as 2, but not very flexible (you can't change the image without recompiling)

The content of this article comes from the network collection of netizens. It is used as a learning reference. The copyright belongs to the original author.
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